(CLASS - 6th ) CHAPTER - 11 The Iron Age Civilisation

1. What were the main inventions of Greek Civilisation ?

a)  Calculated the circumference of the earth 

b)  Drew maps of the world

c) Olympic games

2. Name the Gods that were worshipped by Romans.

The Gods that were worshipped by Romans are -

a) Jupiter
b) Mars
c) Mercury
d) Juno

3. Name the four Vedas.

a) Rigveda

b) Samaveda

c) Yajurveda

d) Atharvaveda

4. Give any two examples to prove that Vedic civilisation was quite advanced.

Vedic literature is an example to prove that Vedic civilization was quite advanced

They played many musical instruments like flute, drums & harp

The Vedic people had the knowledge of 'zero' which helped them to calculate large number

5. Mention the main occupations of the people of Iranian Civilisation.

 Trading,
 Ship building,
 Crafts-silk weaving,
 Pottery,
 Metal work, gem cutting 

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1. What was the political condition of the country under Aryans?

• The country under Aryans was formed of a number of small and large kingdoms. Kingship was inherited.


• Emperor of a small kingdom was called Raja. On other hands, the Samrat or Maharaja controlled a large kingdom.


• The emperor was assisted by Priest, Minister, Commander of Army and Headmen of the village.


• The emperor consulted Sabha on all important matters.


2. What was the condition of women in the early Vedic period.

The vedic age was an important phase in the progress of Indian civilization and culture. Like all other civilizations it has evolved from a simple system of a complex society. To shed light on the society there are four main Vedas available which are basically religious texts and also comments on various aspects of society such as political, economic and more.

The early vedic period was from 1500 - 1000 BCE and consists primarily of the samhita of the Rig veda. During this period the society was at a primitive stage. People were agro-pastoral and gatherers and a man's wealth was measured by the number of cows he had. There were no fixed varnas and people could practise any profession they like.

3 .Explain the Varna System. What change did it undergo during Later Vedic period?

Varna means type, order, colour or class. The term refers to social classes in Dharma- shastra books like the Manusmriti. These and other Hindu literature classified the society in principle into four varnas:

Brahmins: priests, scholars and teachers.

Kshatriyas: rulers, warriors and administrators.

Vaishyas: agriculturalists and traders.

Shudras: laborers and service providers.

In the later Vedic period, the Varna system became hereditary and very rigid. No one can change the occupation or the varna  

4. List the achievements of the Aryans in the field of science and mathematics.

The Vedic literature throws light on the achievements of Aryans in the field of science .
The Aryans knew the use of iron.
They used it for making stronger tools and weapons
The axe helped in clearing jungles and spreading agriculture.
Craftsmen, like carpenters, blacksmiths and tanners were able to develop their crafts with better tools.
Iron weapons , like spearheads,swords and shields, helped to conquering new territories

Mathematics was known as Ganita. It includes arithmetic,geometry and algebra.

Astronomy was the favourite subject of Aryans. They studied the movement of heavenly bodies.

They knew about the movement of the earth on its own axis , around the Sun and the movement of moon around earth.

The Aryans could foretell solar and lunar eclipses.

5. List the occupations of the Aryans.

Occupations of Aryans in the Vedic Period:

• i. Priestly Occupations: ...
• ii. Agricultural Occupations: ...
• We have the names of the following: Gopa and Gopala— herdsman. ...
• Of those engaged in the various arts, the following are worthy of being mentioned e.g.: ...
• Occupation through Hunting and Fishing: ...
• Female Labour:

Agriculture was the main occupation of the people. They used ploughs which were pulled by oxen. During this period ,people irrigated their fields with water from the wells , canals

They grew wheat ,barley ,rice, beans etc and domesticated animals like cows, bulls, sheep, goats & dogs 

The Aryans also introduced horses in India which were brought from central Asia. The discovery of iron had provided stronger tools like ploughs, stickles, shovels, spades ,axes and tongs

The Aryans were expert traders. Trade was mainly carried on land . They used barter system. The cow was used as a standard value.