( CLASS - 6th ) CHAPTER - 12 Janapadas and the Mahajanapadas


1. What were Mahajanapadas ? Name any four of them.

A number of kingdoms expand and developed into large kingdoms are called mahajanapadas

KASI, KOSALA, ANGA, and MAGHADA



2. What was the status of  Magadha under the Nandas ?

Under the NANDAS, MAGADHA was a large MAHAJANAPADA. but, later on he captured by the CHANDRAGUPTA MAURYA.


3. What made the people drift away from Brahamanism ?

The rigidity of Varna System and the strict rituals made the people drift away from Brahamanism .



4. Mention any two achievements of Ajatshatru.

He conquered 36 kingdoms and republican states to build a powerful Magadha Empire, 
which included present-day Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Madhya Pradesh.

 He constructed a new fort on the banks of River Ganges to strengthen Magadha’s security, known as Patali grama, which later developed as Pataliputra (modern-day Patna).


5. What was a guild ? What was its main purpose ?

People of different vocations had their own organisations which were called as Guilds.

The purpose of the guilds were therefore twofold:
  • Protection for workers - the members of the Guilds
  • Protection for consumers

E.

1. How did Magadha emerge as the most powerful Mahajanapada ? Explain

Magadha emerge as the most powerful mahajanpada by capturing all the 14 janpads. At that time Dhanananda, the son of Mahapadmananda, the founder of nanda dynasty. Dhanananda killed his father and became the king of whole Magadha. But later on, Chandragupta Maurya killed Dhanananda.


2. Highlight any four features of the Ganasanghas or republic that existed in 600-100 BCE.

 Gana-Sangharepublic or oligarchy in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent.

The gana sanghas were generally found on the periphery of the Indian kingdoms, and tended to occupy the higher ground.

Their general make-up was either that of a single clan (e.g. Shakya), or a confederacy of clans (e.g. Koli).


3. Explain the administrative system of Magadha rulers.

The magadha administration was divided into judicial, executive, and military functions.

magadha was a region which was known for productive agriculture. irons mines we're accessible and provided resources for tools and weapons.

elephants formed an important component of the army in the region

ganga and it's tributaries provided a means of cheap and convenient communication.

villages had their own assemblies under their local chiefs called Gramakas.


4. What was the socio-economic condition of the people under the Magadha rulers .

Magadha was an ancient Indian kingdom in southern Bihar, and was counted as one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas, 'Great Countries' of ancient India. Magadha played an important role in the development of Jainism and Buddhism, and two of India's greatest empires, the Maurya Empire and Gupta Empire, originated in Magadh

The family was considered to be an important unit of the society. The women occur a prestigious place in the society

Economic condition - The use of iron brought a radical change in the life of the people of Magadha.

The main occupation of the people were cattle-rearing  and agriculture .Their main crops were wheat, cotton,rice, & sugarcane

There were many other professions like jewellery making, weaving, carpentry, pottery etc

The trade and crafts were also well developed.


 5. Describe the Varna system . How did it start ? What is its present position in India today ?  

Varna  literally means type, order, colour or class and was a framework for grouping people into classes, first used in Vedic Indian society. It is referred to frequently in the ancient Indian texts.

 The four classes were the

  Brahmins (priestly people), 

 Kshatriyas (also called Rajanyas, who were rulers, administrators and warriors), 

 Vaishyas(artisans, merchants, tradesmen and farmers),

 Shudras (labouring classes). 

 The varna categorisation implicitly had a fifth element, being those people deemed to be entirely outside its scope, such as tribal people and the untouchables.

The varna system is discussed in Hindu texts, and understood as idealised human callings . The concept is generally traced to the Purusha Sukta verse of the Rig Veda
Inequalties under the system still exist in modern India despite these measures, which have even served to reinforce the divisions to some extent. 

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